The circulatory systemStructure: The structure of the circulatory system is made up of pumps and vessels that transport nutrients and oxygen throughout the body. The blood is pumped through a circular path around the body through the structure of the system. The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body and back through to the heart to be pumped through again. All cells in the body get their nutrients from this system both directly and indirectly dependant on the proximity of the blood vessels. The heart is the centre of the circulatory system. The left side of the heart carries out systemic circulation, pupping blood to the right side of the heart which then pump the blood to the lungs, part of pulmonary circulation. Both side of the heart consists of two chambers, with one above the other. The cambers are connected by valves to ensure that the blood remains flowing in one direction. The top chamber is called the atrium and the lower chamber is called the ventricle. Blood enters the heart through the atrium and flows through to the ventricle where it is pumped out.
Function: The circulatory system is centered on the heart and the lungs. The systems function is to carry blood that is un-oxygenated away from the heart to the lungs through the veins. His then means that the oxygen levels are restores through the air that is breathed in. Once the blood is oxygenated the blood is carries throughout the body through the arteries. His blood keeps our organs and tissues alive. |
The respiratory systemStructure: The respiratory system is made up of two parts the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract contains the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and the trachea. The lower respiratory tract contains the bronchial tree, which consists of the bronchi and bronchioles and the lungs which are protected by the thoracic cavity. The nasal cavity is where the air enters the body; the nasal septum is a wall of cartilage which divides the nose equally into two parts. Here the mucous membrane is also located where the epithelial tissues line the nose and respiratory system and secrete mucus. This mucus helps to moisten, warm and filter the air as it enters the nose. The cilia are thing hairs within the nostrils that filter the air and remove any debris. The olfactory receptors are to aid the sense of smell. They are located in the mucous membrane within the upper part of the nasal cavity and are nerve endings. The tonsils are just past the nose and protect the body from invading organisms. The sinus are cavity in a bone which are lined with mucous membrane. The paranasal sinuses are located within the bones in the skull which connect to the nasal cavity. Immediately past this is the pharynx which is the throat. The first part of this is the nasopharynx which goes from the nose to the mouth. After this is the oropharynx which is at the opening of the mouth and is shared with the digestive system. Next is the laryngopharynx which continues to the opening of the oesophagus and trachea. The epiglottis which is a lid-like structure at the base of the tongue and swing downward, closing off the laryngopharynx during swallowing. The larynx is a voice box which is located between the pharynx and the trachea. The thyroid cartilage protects this. The trachea is the windpipe and is the passageway for sir from the larynx, it extends from the neck and into the chest and is held open by cartilage rings. The bronchi and bronchioles make up the bronchial tree. The bronchi are two branches from the trachea which are passageways for the air through to the bronchioles. The bronchioles area small division of the bronchi and they bring air into the lungs. The alveoli are air sacs and are in clusters found at the end of each bronchiole. They have very thin, flexible walls which allow gas exchange. The lobe is a division of the lungs, the left having three and the right having two. The space between the lungs is called the mediastinum and contains the thoracic viscera. The pleura is a membrane which surrounds each lung with its blood vessels and nerves. The outer layer of the pleura is the parietal pleura and it lines the thoracic cavity and forms the sac that each lung lives in. The inner layer of the pleura is the visceral pleura and it closely surrounds the lung tissues. The pleural cavity is an airtight space which is between the fold of the pleural membranes and contains a watery lubricating fluid which prevents any friction between the membranes when they rub together during the process of respiration. The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen is the diaphragm and it makes breathing possible by expanding the cavity. The diaphragm is stimulated by the phrenic nerve and causes it to contract.
Function: The function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen rich air for the cells into the body and expel their waste products, which are H2O and CO2, from the body. It also produces air flow to make speech possible. |
The interaction of the circulatory and respiratory systems during exercise and rest...
The two systems interact as the heart pumps blood to the lungs where they oxygenate the blood, The newly oxygenated blood then returns to the heart and is circulated to the round the body, The respiration system is needed for the gas exchange to release carbon dioxide from h body and to bring in oxygen. This occurs in the lungs where the circulatory system can then transport oxygen to tissue used in internal respiration to burn fuel in the form of adenosine triosphate for energy, this then creates more carbon dioxide. The dog will breath oxygen unto its lungs. This oxygen will then diffuse across the thin walls of the alveoli found in the lungs, as well as the thin walls of the blood vessels also found n the lungs and into the blood stream. Here the hemoglobin molecules inside red blood cells are attached. The red blood cells are next carried by the blood vessels all over the body. The hemoglobin will release the oxygen in the periphery and pick up any carbon dioxide (CO2). The hemoglobin molecules with their attached CO2 in the red blood cells are then transported back to the lungs, In the lungs they diffuse across the walls into the alveoli and the CO2 is breathed out. During excericse this process will happen alot quicker as the body needs more oxygen than whilst resing.
Requirements to respire:
Aerobically
Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
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Anaerobically
Glucose (sugar) = Carbon Dioxide + Lactic Acid +Some Energy
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